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Pohlmann - Principles of Digital Audio - Table of Contents

Ken Pohlmann

Colby Leider

Joe Abbati

Paul Griffith

 

Main Page
Preface
Principles of Digital Audio Cover
Introduction

 

Chapter 1 - Sound and Numbers

Physics of Sound

Sound Pressure Level

Harmonics

Digital Basics

Number Systems

The Binary Number System

Binary Codes

Weighted Binary Codes

Unweighted Binary Codes

Two's Complement

Boolean Algebra

Analog Versus Digital

 

Chapter 2 - Fundamentals of Digital Audio

Discrete Time Sampling

The Sampling Theorem

The Nyquist Frequency

Aliasing

            Prevention

Quantization

Signal-to-Error Ratio

Quantization Distortion

Other Architectures

Dither

Types of Dither

Conclusion

 

Chapter 3 - Digital Audio Recording

Pulse-Code Modulation

Dither Generator

Input Lowpass Filter

Sample-and-Hold Circuit

Analog-to-Digital Converter

            Successive Approximation A/D Converter

Oversampling A/D Converter

Record Processing

Channel Codes

Simple Codes

Group Codes

Code Applications

 

Chapter 4 - Digital Audio Reproduction

Reproduction Processing

Digital-to-Analog Converter

Weighted-Resistor Digital-to-Analog Converter

R-2R Ladder Digital-to-Analog Converter

Zero-Cross Distortion

High-Bit D/A Conversion

Output Sample-and-Hold Circuit

Output Lowpass Filter

Impulse Response

Digital Filter

Noise Shaping

Output Processing

Alternate Coding Methods

Floating-Point Systems

Block Floating-Point Digitization

Nonuniform Companding Systems

m-Law and A-Law Companding

Differential PCM Systems

Delta Modulation

Adaptive Delta Modulation

Companded Predictive Delta Modulation

Pulse-Code Modulation

Timebase Correction

Jitter

Interface Jitter Versus Sampling Jitter

Jitter in Storage Media

Jitter in Data Transmission

Jitter in Converters

 

Chapter 5 - Error Correction

Sources of Errors

Objectives of Error Correction

Error Detection

One-Bit Parity

ISBN

Cyclic Redundancy Check Code

Error-Correction Codes

Block Codes

Convolutional Codes

Interleaving

Cross-Interleaving

Reed-Solomon Codes

Cross-Interleave Reed-Solomon Code

Error Concealment

Interpolation    

Muting

Duplication

 

Chapter 6 - Magnetic Tape Storage

Recording Bandwidth

Digital Magnetic Tape

Intersymbol Interference

Longitudinal Magnetic Recording

Vertical Magnetic Recording

Stationary Head Tape Recorders

The DASH Format

Rotary Head Tape Recorder

Operation of a Videotape Recorder

The Digital Audio Processor

Professional Digital Video Formats

ADAT Modular Digital Multitrack

DA-88 Modular Digital Multitrack

Advantages and Disadvantages of Rotary Head Design

 

Chapter 7 - Digital Audio Tape (DAT)

DAT Cassette

DAT Modes

DAT Hardware Design

Rotary Head

Track Format

Azimuth Recording

Automatic Track Following

Eight-to-Ten Modulation

DAT Error Correction

Serial Copy Management System

Prerecorded DAT

Professional DAT

DAT Interfacing

DAT Timecode

Professional DAT Features

 

Chapter 8 - Optical Disc Storage

Optical Phenomena

Diffraction

Resolution of Optical Systems

Polarization

Design of Optical Media

Performance of Optical Media

Nonerasable Optical Storage

Read-Only Optical Storage

Write-Once Optical Storage

Erasable Optical Storage

Magneto-Optical Recording

Phase-Change Optical Recording

Dye-Polymer Erasable Optical Recording

Digital Audio for Theatrical Film

 

Chapter 9 - The Compact Disc

Invention of the Compact Disc

Compact Disc Overview

Disc Encoding

            Disc Specifications

            Data Encoding

Player Optical Design

            Optical Pickup

            Autofocus Design

Autotracking Design

            One-Beam Pickup

            Pickup Control

Player Electrical Design

Error Detection and Correction

Output Processing

Subcode

Disc Manufacturing

            Tape Mastering

Disc Mastering

            Electroforming

            Disc Replication

Alternative CD Formats

            CD-ROM  

            CD-R

CD-RW

            CD-MO

            CD-i

            Photo CD

CD+G and CD+MIDI

            CD-3

            Video CD

Super Audio CD

            DSD Modulation

            Player Design

 

Chapter 10 - Perceptual Coding

Psychoacoustics

Physiology of the Human Ear and Critical Bands

Threshold of Hearing, and Masking

Rationale for Perceptual Coding

Data Reduction Coding

Subband Coding

Transform Coding

Filter Banks

MPEG-1 Audio Standard

Psychoacoustic Models

Layer I

Example of Layer I Algorithm

Layer II

Layer III

MPEG-2 Audio Standard

MPEG-2 AAC

AC-3 (Dolby Digital) Coder

apt-X100 Coder

Perceptual Coding Performance Evaluation

Conclusion

 

Chapter 11 - DVD

Introduction

DVD Physical Specifications

Disc Manufacturing and Playback

Data Coding

Universal Disc Format (UDF)

DVD-Video

Video Coding

Audio Coding

Playback Features

DVD-Video Copy Protection

DVD-Video Developer's Summary

DVD-Audio

Coding and Channel Options

Disc Contents

Copy Protection

DVD-Audio Developer's Summary

Data Compression

            Entropy Coding

Audio Data Compression

Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP)

Other DVD Disc Formats

 

Chapter 12 - The MiniDisc

System Overview

Signal Format

Disc Design

Optical Pickup

MO Recording and Field Modulation

ATRAC Data Reduction

Disc Mastering and Manufacture

 

Chapter 13 - Interconnection

Audio Interfaces

SDIF-2 Interconnection

Alesis Multichannel Optical Digital Interface

AES3 (AES/EBU) Professional Interface

Channel Status Block

Implementation

AES10 (MADI) Multichannel Interface

S/PDIF Consumer Interconnection

Serial Copy Management System

AES11 Digital Audio Reference Signal

AES18 User Data Channels

AES24 Control of Audio Devices

Sample Rate Converters

Fiber-Optic Cable Interconnection

Fiber-Optic Systems

Fiber-Optic Cable Implementation

Interconnection and Installation

Economics of Fiber Optics

 

Chapter 14 - PC Audio

PC Buses and Interfaces

IEEE 1394 "FireWire"

Universal Serial Bus (USB)

Sound Cards

Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI)

Music Synthesis

Surround Sound Processing

Audio Codec '97 (AC '97)

Windows Multimedia API and DirectX API

MMX

File Formats

Digital Audio Extraction

Hard-Disk Recording

System Features

Hard-Disk Drives

PC Audio Software Applications

Hard-Disk Editing

Audio for Video Workstations

 

Chapter 15 - Internet Audio

Computer Networks and File Transfers

Telephone Services

ISDN

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)

Computer Networks

ATM

MediaNet

The Internet and Internet Audio

MP3

SDMI

Streaming Audio

RealAudio G2 Music Codec

Audio Webcasting

MPEG-4

Interactivity

            Audio Coding

Encryption and Watermarking

 

Chapter 16 - Digital Radio and Television Broadcasting

Satellite Operation

Digital Transmission

Direct-Broadcast Satellites

Digital Audio Radio

Transmission Methods

Spectral Space

Data Reduction

Technical Considerations

Eureka 147/DAB

In-Band Digital Radio

USA Digital Radio

Lucent Digital Radio (LDR)

Perceptual Audio Coding (PAC) Algorithm

Direct Satellite Radio

Digital Television (DTV)

MPEG Video

ATSC Digital Television

ATSC Standard

DTV implementation

 

Chapter 17 - Digital Signal Processing

Fundamentals of Digital Signal Processing

DSP Applications

Discrete Systems

Linearity and Time-Invariance

Impulse Response and Convolution

Complex Numbers

Mathematical Transforms

Unit Circle and Region of Convergence

Poles and Zeros

DSP Elements

Digital Filters

FIR Filters

            IIR Filters

Filter Applications

Sources of Errors

DSP Integrated Circuits

            A Multimedia DSP Processor

DSP Programming

DSP Applications

Digital Delay

Digital Reverberation

Digital Mixing Consoles

Loudspeaker Correction

Noise Removal

 

Chapter 18 - One-Bit Conversion and Noise Shaping

One-Bit Conversion

Sigma-Delta Modulation

Idling Patterns

One-Bit D/A Conversion with Second-Order Noise Shaping

One-Bit D/A Conversion with Third-Order Noise Shaping

One-Bit D/A Conversion with Quasi Fourth-Order Noise Shaping

One-Bit A/D Conversion

Sigma-Delta A/D Modulator

Decimation Filter

One-Bit A/D Converter Chip

One-Bit A/D-D/A Converter Chip

Noise Shaping of Nonoversampling Quantization Error

            Psychoacoustically Optimized Noise Shaping

            Buried Data Technique

Conclusion

 

Appendix - The Sampling Theorem

Bibliography

Index

About the Author

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